Опыт подготовки аспирантов в странах постсоветского региона: от единой модели к разнообразию подходов
https://doi.org/10.15826/umpa.2022.03.022
Аннотация
В статье анализируется институциональный ландшафт аспирантуры СССР последних лет существования, а также стран постсоветского пространства современности. В работе описывается практика подготовки научных кадров в странах постсоветского пространства, выделяются общие характеристики, обусловленные наследием советской системы, и особенности моделей отдельных стран. Эмпирическую базу исследования формируют архивные статистические данные СССР, нормативно-правовые акты и данные статистических служб, министерств и ведомств постсоветских стран. С помощью статистического анализа осуществляется оценка институциональной структуры и масштабов аспирантских школ, выбранных для исследования стран. Ключевым ограничением является дефицит необходимых для анализа статистических данных и нормативно-правовых актов по ряду стран. В результате исследования выявлено, что большинство постсоветских стран сохраняют черты советской аспирантуры по сей день. При этом на общем фоне выделяются страны Прибалтики, а также Грузия и Казахстан, чьи модели институционального устройства кардинальным образом отличаются от модели аспирантуры СССР.
Ключевые слова
докторантура,
подготовка кандидатов наук,
постсоветский регион,
высшее образование и научные секторы
При поддержке: Исследование проводилось при поддержке Российского научного фонда (Проект № 20-18-00140)
Об авторе
М. И. Сотникова
Институт институциональных исследований национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики»
Россия
Россия
Сотникова Мария Игоревна – аспирант, стажер-исследователь
109028, Москва, Покровский бульвар, 11
Список литературы
1. Ablazhey A. M. Integration of science and higher education: old problems and new approaches. Vyssheye obrazovaniye v Rossii, 2014, nr 8–9, pp. 53–59. (In Russ.).
2. Allakhverdian A. Dynamics of scientific personnel in Soviet and Russian science: a comparative historical study. Moscow: Kogito-Centr, 2014. 263 p. (In Russ.).
3. Allakhverdian A. Public Education of Graduate Students in Soviet and Post-Soviet Science: A Comparative Analysis. Studies in the History of Science and Technology, 2014, vol. 35, nr 1, pp. 111–118. (In Russ.).
4. Altbach P. G. Doctoral education: Present realities and future trends. In International handbook of higher education. Springer, Dordrecht, 2007, pp. 65–81. (In Eng.).
5. Anweiler O. Some Historical Aspects of Educational Change in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Oxford Studies in Comparative Education, 1992, vol. 2, nr 1, pp. 29–39. (In Eng.).
6. Azimbayeva G. Comparing post-Soviet changes in higher education governance in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Cogent Education, 2017, vol. 4, nr 1. (In Eng.).
7. Bao Y., Kehm B. M., Ma Y. From product to process. The reform of doctoral education in Europe and China. Studies in Higher Education, 2018, vol. 43, nr 3, pp. 524– 541. (In Eng.).
8. Bednyy B. Personnel Reproduction for Science and Higher Education. Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii, 2008, vol. 4, pp. 46–49. (In Russ.).
9. Bekova S., Gruzdev I., Dzhafarova Z., Maloshonok N., Terentev E. The Portrait of Russian Doctoral Student. Сontemporary Education Analytics, 2017, nr 7, pp. 4–59. (In Russ.).
10. Bischof L., Tofan A. Moldova: Institutions Under Stress — The Past, the Present and the Future of Moldova’s Higher Education System // 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: Reform and Continuity. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, pp. 311–336. (In Eng.).
11. Bochkova E., Avdeeva E., Kuznetsova E. Evolution of Postgraduate Institute in Russia. Problems of modern pedagogical education, 2016, nr 52–5, pp. 90–96. (In Russ.).
12. Boud D., Lee A. Changing practices of doctoral education. London: Routledge, 2009, pp. 1–272. (In Eng.).
13. Brox C., Kuhn W. Structured or non-structured doctoral programmes? A bottom-up approach for third-cycle Bologna implementation. In annual meeting for the Society of the 8th European GIS education seminar, Leuven, 2012, September, pp. 6–9. (In Eng.).
14. Chen S. Mainland China. Trends and Issues in Doctoral Education: A Global Perspective. SAGE Studies in Higher Education, 2020. 506 p. (In Eng.).
15. Cyranoski D., Gilbert N., Ledford H., Nayar A., Yahia M. Education: the PhD factory. Nature, 2011, vol. 472, nr 7343, pp. 276–280. (In Eng.).
16. HSE University. Database Science and Technology Indicators in the Russian Federation. Moscow, HSE, 2021. 352 p. (In Russ.).
17. Dezhina I. Development of Research in Russian Higher Education Institutes as a New Government Priority. Sociologia Nauki I Tehnologij-Sociology of Science and Technology, 2011, vol. 2, nr 2, pp. 38–47. (In Russ.).
18. Enders J. R. Research training and careers in transition: a European perspective on the many faces of the Ph. D. Studies in continuing education, 2004, vol. 26, nr 3, pp. 419–429. (In Eng.).
19. Frank D. J. and Meyer J. W. University expansion and the knowledge society. Theory and society, 2007, vol. 36, nr 4, pp. 287–311. (In Eng.).
20. Gardner S. K. “What’s too much and what’s too little?”: The process of becoming an independent researcher in doctoral education. The journal of higher education, 2008, vol. 79, nr 3, pp. 326–350. (In Eng.).
21. Gellert C. The German model of research and advanced education. The research foundations of graduate education: Germany, Britain, France, United States, Japan, 1993, pp. 5–44. (In Eng.).
22. Gilbert R., Balatti J., Turner P., Whitehouse H. The generic skills debate in research higher degrees. Higher education research & development, 2004, vol. 23, nr 3, pp. 375–388. (In Eng.).
23. Goskomstat of the USSR. Public education of the USSR. Moscow: Finance and statistics, 1989. 432 p. (In Russ.).
24. Hall P. A., Taylor R. C. R. Political science and the three new institutionalisms. Political studies, 1996, vol. 44, nr 5, pp. 936–957. (In Eng.).
25. Halse C. Is the doctorate in crisis? Nagoya Journal of Higher Education, 2007, vol. 7, pp. 321–337. (In Eng.).
26. Huisman J., Smolentseva A., Froumin I. 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in PostSoviet Countries: Reform and Continuity. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. 494 p. (In Eng.).
27. Isakhanli H., Pashayeva, A. Higher Education Transformation, Institutional Diversity and Typology of Higher Education Institutions in Azerbaijan // 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: Reform and Continuity, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, pp. 97–122. (In Eng.).
28. Johnson M. S. Historical legacies of Soviet higher education and the transformation of higher education systems in post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia. The worldwide transformation of higher education, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2008, pp. 159–176. (In Eng.).
29. Kehm B. M. Doctoral education in Europe and North America: A comparative analysis. Wenner Gren International Series, 2006, vol. 83, p. 67. (In Eng.).
30. Kobzar E., Roshchin S. Russian Doctoral Education. Trends and Issues in Doctoral Education: A Global Perspective. SAGE Publishing India, 2020, p. 127. (In Eng.).
31. Kuzminov Y., Yudkevich M. Higher Education in Russia. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2022. (In Eng.).
32. Lakhtin G. Soviet Science Organization: Past and Present. Moscow, Science, 1990. 224 p. (In Russ.).
33. Malinauskaitė A. Changes of Higher Education in the Post-Soviet countries: case studies of Lithuania and Kazakhstan, thesis, 2016. (In Eng.).
34. Malinovskiy V. Problems of the Higher Education Development in the USSR in 1941-1991. Modern science: theoretical and practical view: collection of articles of the international scientific and practical conference, 2013, pp. 3–7. (In Russ.).
35. Marinosyan T. On academic degrees unification in qualification systems in higher education and science in the context of globalization. National and Foreign Pedagogy, 2014, vol. 4, nr 19, pp. 82–92. (In Russ.).
36. Matas C. P. Doctoral education and skills development: An international perspective. REDU: Revista de Docencia Universitaria, 2012, vol. 10, nr 2, p. 163. (In Eng.).
37. Nerad M. Doctoral Education Worldwide. Trends and Issues in Doctoral Education: A Global Perspective. SAGE Studies in Higher Education, 2020. (In Eng.).
38. Nerad M. Increase in PhD production and reform of doctoral education worldwide. Research Institute for Higher Education Hiroshima University, 2010, vol. 7, p. 769. (In Eng.).
39. Neumann R., Tan K. K. From PhD to initial employment: the doctorate in a knowledge economy. Studies in Higher Education, 2011, vol. 36, nr 5, pp. 601–614. (In Eng.).
40. Pearson M. Framing research on doctoral education in Australia in a global context. Higher education research & development, 2005, vol. 24, nr 2, pp. 119–134. (In Eng.).
41. Platonova D. The differential effect of state and market on the higher education landscape in Belarus and Russia: Soviet-type division and bifurcation. European Journal of Higher Education, 2019, vol. 9, nr 4, pp. 412–432. (In Eng.).
42. Popiashvili N. Soviet and Post-Soviet Educational Systems at the Last Higher Education Stage. Education and Upbringing: Methods and Practice, 2013, nr 6, pp. 34–38. (In Russ.).
43. Powell S., Green H. The doctorate worldwide. McGraw-Hill Education (UK), 2007. 224 p. (In Eng.).
44. Sadlak J. Doctoral Studies and Qualifications in Europe and the United States: Status and Prospects. Bucharest: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2004. 302 p. (In Eng.).
45. Savina A. Academic degrees and titles in foreign countries: General and specific. Problems of Modern Education, 2022, nr 3, pp. 10–23. (In Russ.).
46. Shields R. Measurement and isomorphism in international education. The SAGE handbook of research in international education, 2015. (In Eng.).
47. Shokareva T. Comparison of science workforce in the USSR and the US. Moscow: VINITI, 1990. (In Russ.).
48. Terentev E., Bekova S., Maloshonok N. The Crisis of Postgraduate Studies in Russia: What Bears Problems and How to Overcome Them. University Management: Practice and Analysis, 2018, vol. 22, nr 5, pp. 54–65. (In Russ.).
49. Tsekhovoy N. P. Organizational and Legal Frame of the Soviet Postgraduate Studies System: The Main Stages and Features. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin, 2012, vol. 362, pp. 111–115. (In Russ.).
50. Usmonov B. The System of Training Scientific and Pedagogical Personnel in Europe: Experience and Problems. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin, 2018, nr 3, pp. 139–149. (In Russ.).
51. Vasil’ev D. How the Scientific and Pedagogical Staff of Higher Education Was Raised. Alma Mater: Higher School Herald, 2005, nr 9, pp. 46–48. (In Russ.).
52. Vassil K., Solvak M. When failing is the only option: explaining failure to finish PhDs in Estonia. Higher Education, 2012, vol. 64, nr 4, pp. 503–516. (In Eng.).
53. Vershinin I. The debate about postgraduate study abroad: Key issues and trends. Science Governance and Scientometrics, 2016, nr 2, pp. 133–155. (In Russ.).
54. Yudkevich M. PhD programs in Russia: from the Soviet legacy to the present day. Higher Education in Russia and Beyond, 2020, vol. 4, nr 25, pp. 12–14. (In Eng.).
55. Yudkevich M., Altbach P. G., de Wit H. Trends and issues in doctoral education: A global perspective. SAGE Publishing India, 2020. (In Eng.).
56. Yudkevich M., Altbach P. G., Rumbley L. E. Academic inbreeding and mobility in higher education: Global perspectives. Springer, 2015. 278 p. (In Eng.).
57. Zapp M., Ramirez F. O. Beyond internationalisation and isomorphism–the construction of a global higher education regime. Comparative Education, 2019, vol. 55, nr 4, pp. 473–493. (In Eng.).
Рецензия
Для цитирования:
Сотникова М.И. Опыт подготовки аспирантов в странах постсоветского региона: от единой модели к разнообразию подходов. Университетское управление: практика и анализ. 2022;26(3):67-82. https://doi.org/10.15826/umpa.2022.03.022
For citation:
Sotnikova M.I. Doctoral Education in Post-Soviet Countries: From a Unified Model to Variety of Approaches. University Management: Practice and Analysis. 2022;26(3):67-82. https://doi.org/10.15826/umpa.2022.03.022
Просмотров:
1022
Послать статью по эл. почте 